By the time that secondary steelmaking is complete, the metal should be within specification. After primary refining, steel still contains nonmetallic inclusions such as al 2 o 3, mns, mn, feo. The secondary steelmaking module is part of the steel manufacturing course. This book is made for engineers who build plants, metallurgists who operate them, as well as researchers. The text is fully illustrated with drawings and diagrams. Secondary steel is another of our specialties here at eagle national steelalong with steel and metal buildings, structural steel supplies, and welding supplies. It begins by tracing the history of iron and steel production, right from the earlier days to todays world of oxygen steelmaking, electric steelmaking, secondary steelmaking and continuous casting.
Secondary refining american iron and steel institute. Directly reduced iron directly reduced iron is a product of. Jan 14, 2020 the eaf method, however, feeds recycled steel scrap through highpower electric arcs with temperatures of up to 1,650 degrees celsius to melt the metal and convert it into highquality steel. Mar 23, 2019 let me answer it in short and simple words.
Steel making carbon equivalent to a good approximation, the weldability of steel can be estimated from its chemical composition. An electric arc furnace eaf is a furnace that heats charged material by means of an electric arc industrial arc furnaces range in size from small units of approximately one ton capacity used in foundries for producing cast iron products up to about 400 ton units used for secondary steelmaking. About 95% of energy for an integrated steelmaking plant comes from solid fuel mainly coal, 34% from gaseous fuel and 12% from liquid fuel. Since scrap metal is used instead of molten iron, no coke making or iron making operations are associated with steel production using an eaf. The making, shaping, and treating of steel, 11th edition. Jun 21, 2016 modern steel making process uses a blast furnace for manufacturing steel. Synthesizing the science and its technology, the author examines the relevant reactions and phenomena, presents an integrated picture of clean steel manufacture, and provides an. Salzgitter the process shown above is illustrative only and is not designed to show the steelmaking process in detail. Pig iron is divided into steel making pig iron, which is intended for further processing to steel by various refining processes, and foundry pig iron, from which cast iron is produced by remelting. Indeed, many of the reactions interfere with one another. This a way of giving the metal the basic shape that the customer wants.
The increased life of bearing steel is due to improvements in the refining process. The presentation is based mainly on treatment practices and results obtained during the last decade of the 20th century. Secondary refining for purposes of this article, secondary refining or secondary metallurgy is defined as any post steelmaking process performed at a separate station prior to casting and hot metal desulfurizaion. Fullline secondary metallurgy solutions primetals technologies. Because eaf steel is made with 100% scrap, there is a temptation to specify this in preference to bos steel in a well meaning effort to reduce environmental impact. Arc furnaces used in research laboratories and by dentists may have a capacity of. India was the worlds secondlargest steel producer with production standing at 106. This book presents the fundamentals of iron and steel making, their physical chemistry, thermodynamics and concepts, as well as discussing the problems and.
Download for offline reading, highlight, bookmark or take notes while you read iron making and steelmaking. This book presents the fundamentals of iron and steel making, including the physical chemistry, thermodynamics and key concepts, while also discussing associated problems and solutions. Synthesizing the science and its technology, the author examines the relevant reactions and phenomena, presents an integrated picture of clean steel manufacture, and provides an overview of the mathematical modeling important to process research. Generally speaking, energy constitutes a significant portion of production cost, from 20% to 40%, according to the estimation from world steel association 7.
The resulting molten ironalso referred to as hot metalstill contains 44. The effects of other elements can be estimated by equating them to an additional amount of carbon. Browse the amazon editors picks for the best books of 2019, featuring our favorite. Various hybrid oxygen steelmaking processes, advanced trends in steel. Linzaus tria, october 20 06 secondary steel making session pa per no. Secondary steel refining homogenizes the temperature and composition of the steel bath. Secondary steel making draft free download as powerpoint presentation. This authoritative account covers the entire spectrum from iron ore to finished steel. Pdf basic concepts of iron and steel making researchgate.
Pig iron is divided into steelmaking pig iron, which is intended for further processing to steel by various refining processes, and foundry pig iron, from which cast iron is produced by remelting. Steelmaking and refining introduction to chemistry. Various chemical reactions are initiated, either in sequence or simultaneously, in order to arrive at specified chemical compositions and temperatures. Directly reduced iron directly reduced iron is a product of iron steel direct reduction from ores in the solid. Secondary steel plate steel plate, carbon steel plate. Refining is carried out in conventional steelmaking, but secondary refining is necessary to reduce inclusions sufficiently to meet requirements. This module introduces the learner to the critical step of refining the chemistry of the steel in order to impart the desired properties required for the grade of steel being produced. Secondary steel making ingot being cast from a ladle once steel of the correct specification has been made, it is ready for casting. Aist is recognized as a global leader in networking, education and sustainability programs for advancing iron and steel technology.
Principles and applications pdf 302 pages the book attempts to present a comprehensive view of extractive metallurgy, especially principles of extractive metallurgy in a concise form. Chapters on eaf steelmaking and ladle and secondary refining have been greatly expanded from the 10th edition. Secondary steelmaking involves treating the molten steel produced from both bos and eaf routes to adjust the steel composition. Secondary steelmaking physical chemistry of metallurgical.
Final adjustments to precise customer specification can be made by adding alloys during tapping or, subsequently, in a secondary steel making unit. Open discussions will allow participants to gather additional information and network with attendees and instructors. Steelmaking is the process of producing steel from iron ore andor scrap. Indian steel industry report steel sector research. This book is primarily focused to meet the needs of undergraduate metallurgical students and candidates for associate membership examinations of professional bodies amiim, amie. Ironmaking and steelmaking theory and practice and sponge iron production by direct reduction of iron oxide both published by phi learning, new delhi as well as two other books entitled beyond the blast furnace and metallics for steelmaking production and use besides a number of monographs on cokemaking, sintermaking, ironmaking, continuous casting, etc. Secondary steel making processes linkedin slideshare.
In this simulation you will play the role of plant metallurgist in charge of secondary steelmaking operations. Steels precise composition can vary from customer to customer, and steelmakers use a secondary metallurgy vessel often referred to as a ladle furnace between the steelmaking and casting operations to allow molten steel to be brought to the required specification. Taking advantage of our huge selection of secondary steel is often the ideal solution for smaller operations or projects where you have more time than money to devote. Primary steel making includes converting liquid iron from a blast furnace and steel scrap into steel via basic oxygen steel making or melting scrap steel andor direct reduced iron dri in an electric arc. Slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. Steelmaking process an overview sciencedirect topics. This is the basis for maximum plant availability, short chargecycle times, low consumption values and topquality treated steel. You will take charge of a ladle of molten steel from the basic oxygen furnace bof, and attempt to deliver it to the appropriate caster at the specified time, composition, temperature and inclusion content cleanness. Here all secondary metallurgical work takes place, including deslagging and reslagging, electrical heating, chemical heating or cooling with scrap, powder injection or wire feeding, and stirring with gas. It begins by tracing the history of iron and steel production, right from the earlier days to today s world of oxygen steelmaking, electric steelmaking, secondary steelmaking and continuous casting. If you job does not require mill certification secondary steel can be the right choice. The growth in the indian steel sector has been driven by domestic availability of raw materials such as iron ore and costeffective labour. In principle, steelmaking is a melting, purifying, and alloying process carried out at approximately 1,600 c 2,900 f in molten conditions. Secondary steelmaking refractories a practical training.
Basic oxygen steelmaking is a method of primary steelmaking in which carbonrich molten pig iron the iron created in the blast furnace is made into steel. The steelmaking industry and its customers have benefited enormously from the many significant technological advances of the last thirty. Secondary steelmaking refractories a practical training seminar. What is the difference between a primary steel and a. Pdf this book presents the fundamentals of iron and steel making, including the physical chemistry.
This is the first book in this jan 1, 1991 metallurgy principles of extractive metallurgy ahindra ghosh, hem. The physicochemical fundamental concepts of chemical equilibrium, activitycomposition. Gases created during the production of steel can be used as a power source. If you are cutting smaller pieces, rust is not a problem, or you simply want to save a lot of money in material costs look at secondary steel. Once steel of the correct specification has been made, it is ready for casting. This technology results in the production of metal dusts, slag, and gaseous products. Secondary steelmaking uses scrap steel as the primary raw material. Aug 06, 2007 steel making is designed to give students a strong grounding in the theory and stateoftheart practice of production of steels.
Summary modern steelmaking is classified into two categories. Secondary steel is another of our specialties here at eagle national steel along with steel and metal buildings, structural steel supplies, and welding supplies. Steel making is designed to give students a strong grounding in the theory and stateoftheart practice of. The eaf method, however, feeds recycled steel scrap through highpower electric arcs with temperatures of up to 1,650 degrees celsius to melt the metal and convert it into highquality steel. Steel making is designed to give students a strong grounding in the theory and stateoftheart practice of production of steels. Secondary steel making basic information for making steel in engineering. Theory and practice ebook written by ahindra ghosh, amit chatterjee. Secondary metallurgy solutions from primetals technologies stands for fully integrated technology, mechanical engineering, automation and electrical engineering from a single source. Particulate matter and gases evolve together during the steelmaking process and are conveyed into a gas cleaning system. An opentopped cylindrical container made of heavy steel plates and lined with refractory, the ladle is used for holding and transporting liquid steel. The chapters on bof and aod steelmaking were also updated to reflect current understanding. In the bar chart at the top of the page, you can see how the composition of the steel that is ready for casting compares with the metal that the customer ordered. Nowadays integrated steelworks are rarely viable at less than 3.
Presentations will provide data from steelmaking operations, and attendees will benefit from the practical experience of the presenters, including the application of the latest tools and techniques being used. In steelmaking, impurities such as nitrogen, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur and excess carbon most important impurity are removed from the sourced iron, and alloying elements such as manganese, nickel, chromium, carbon and vanadium are added to produce different grades of steel. Basic concepts of iron and steel making sujay kumar dutta. Direct reduction scrap ladle refining electric arc furnace steelmaking iron ore pellets electric arc furnace steelmaking continuous casting design by cover photo. However, the marketed tonnage is only about 90% of the raw steel because of process losses and recycled scrap arising from rejectsand trimming to size. Nowadays integrated steelworks are rarely viable at less than 3 million tonnes p.
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